Number
and Type of Reconvictions
Reconvictions
were classified so as to enable distinctions to be drawn, where appropriate,
between sexual reconvictions, violent but not sexual reconvictions, and other
types of reconviction -- a distinction that has been recommended in the
literature (Thornton and Travers 1992). It is recognized of course that some
convictions for violent offences may have had a sexual element (Marshall
1994). As an indicator of the seriousness of the reconviction, a distinction
was also drawn between those offences which led to a sentence of imprisonment
and those which did not. This produced the following classification:
[Page
376]
|
those
reconvicted of a sexual offence (including cases where there had also been
a reconviction for violence or another type of offence) -- all of whom were
imprisoned for a considerable period, the longest being life imprisonment and
the shortest being two years;
|
|
those
(not included above) reconvicted of a violent offence and sentenced to
imprisonment for it;
|
|
those
(not included above) reconvicted of another type of offence and imprisoned for
it;
|
|
those
(not included above) reconvicted of a minor violent or any other offence, but
not imprisoned for it;
|
|
those
with no reconvictions of any kind.
|
By
June 2000 the offenders in the sample had been out of prison for different
periods of time: the shortest period was 19 months and the longest was 8 years
1 month. Of the 162 prisoners who had been at liberty for at least four years,
11 (6.7 per cent) had, by June 2000, been reconvicted of a sexual
offence. In
every instance a sentence of imprisonment had been imposed, on average 38
months after their discharge from prison. The following summarizes the nature
of the reoffending that led to their re-imprisonment. In all but a few cases
it is apparent from the sentences imposed that the offence was regarded as
extremely serious by the court.
|
Six
had originally been convicted of a sexual offence against an adult female; two
of the six had a previous conviction for a sexual offence. When reconvicted
all but one again victimized an adult:
|
One (who had originally been imprisoned for six years and six months for
raping a friend of his wife) was sentenced, 40 months after being released
from prison, to life imprisonment for rape of an adult woman.
|
|
Two received hospital orders:
|
One
(who had originally been imprisoned for four years six months for an indecent
assault on his adult ex-girlfriend) was reconvicted, 29 months after his
release, for the false imprisonment and rape of an adult woman.
|
|
The
other (who had originally been imprisoned for five years nine months for
attempting to rape a female stranger in the street) was reconvicted for an
indecent assault on an adult woman, seven years after his initial release,
after having appeared in court on more than 20 occasions for non-sexual
offences and having already served a four-year sentence for robbery with
violence.
|
|
|
Three others received very long sentences:
|
One (who had originally been
sentenced to nine years six months for raping a pregnant woman to whom he had
been introduced shortly after being released from prison on parole from a
sentence of three years six months for raping an adult woman) received 16
years' imprisonment, only six months after release, for kidnapping and two
cases of rape.
|
|
One
(sentenced originally to six years six months for raping a woman
with whom he had socialized) was reconvicted, 32 months after his
release, for false imprisonment and indecent assault on an adult
woman, for which he was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment.
.
[Page 377]
.
|
|
The
third (who had originally been imprisoned for seven years for raping a 62-
year-old woman in the street, having been previously convicted on two separate
occasions of indecent exposure and indecent assault and placed on probation)
was sentenced, 38 months after release, to 12 years for false imprisonment and
indecent assault on a female under the age of 16. This was the only case where
an offender released from a prison sentence for an offence against an adult
subsequently victimized a child.
. |
|
|
|
Five
had originally been sentenced for a sexual offence against a child or
children, all outside of their family unit. Three of them had been previously
convicted for a sexual offence against a child. On reconviction:
|
One (who had originally been imprisoned for 11 years for a series of indecent
assaults on male and female children as young as eight, having befriended
their families, and who had nine previous convictions and five custodial
sentences for assaults on both male and female children) received a sentence
of nine-and-a-half years, 58 months after release, for indecent assaults on
boys. He was the only offender against males who was reconvicted of an offence
against a male (for further discussion of this case, see Case B below).
|
|
The second (who had originally been sentenced to five years' imprisonment for
unlawful sexual intercourse with the eight-year-old daughter of a friend over
a period of three years, having previously received a short term of
imprisonment on two counts of indecent assault on young boys) was, three years
after his release, sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for attempted rape,
indecent assault, and unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of
13.
|
|
The third (who had originally been imprisoned for seven years on two counts of
indecently assaulting girls, with 16 offences taken into consideration, when
in breach of a supervision order for an indecent assault on a 12-year-old girl
stranger) was, only seven months after leaving prison, again imprisoned, this
time for six years for indecent assault on a girl under the age of 16 (and
five years after that was convicted again of a similar offence for which he
was imprisoned for nine months).
|
|
The fourth (who had originally been sentenced to eight years on three counts
of rape and two of indecent assault against girls aged between six and ten
whom he had befriended in the neighbourhood) was reconvicted, 63 months after
his release, and sentenced to three years' imprisonment for indecently
assaulting a girl under the age of 16.
|
|
The fifth (who had originally been sentenced to five years on four counts of
indecent assault and two of taking indecent photographs of girls aged 10 to
14, whom he involved in prostitution) was again reconvicted, 27 months after
release, for possession of indecent photographs. For this he received two
years' imprisonment.
|
|
A
further nine (5.6 per cent) had been reconvicted of what was apparently a
non-sexual violent offence of sufficient seriousness to have resulted in a
custodial sentence (there is no way of knowing from the bare statement of the
category of offence whether the offence was sexually motivated).
|
Five of them
received lengthy custodial sentences.
|
The longest sentence was six years for
robbery;
|
|
three
others received four years (two for
.
[Page 378]
.
threats to kill and one for assault occasioning actual bodily harm) ;
|
|
and one received
32 months for robbery. |
|
|
The remaining four
all got less than a year's imprisonment. |
|